1. Biological Molecules:
• Structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• Enzyme action and kinetics.
2. Cells:
• Cell structure and function.
• Cell division and cellular organisation.
• Transport mechanisms across cell membranes.
3. Organisms Exchange Substances with Their Environment:
• Gas exchange systems in various organisms.
• Circulatory systems and the transport of substances.
• Digestive system and nutrient absorption.
4. Genetic Information, Variation, and Relationships Between Organisms:
• DNA, genes, and protein synthesis.
• Genetic diversity and adaptation.
• Taxonomy and classification.
5. Energy Transfers in and Between Organisms:
• Photosynthesis and respiration.
• Energy flow in ecosystems.
• Nutrient cycles.
6. Organisms Respond to Changes in Their Internal and External Environments:
• Nervous coordination and muscles.
• Homeostasis mechanisms.
• Response to stimuli.
7. Genetics, Populations, Evolution, and Ecosystems:
• Inheritance patterns and population genetics.
• Evolutionary processes.
• Dynamics of ecosystems and ecological succession.
8. The Control of Gene Expression:
• Gene mutations and their effects.
• Regulation of transcription and translation.
• Biotechnological applications and genetic engineering.
